11/13/2023 0 Comments Shush pat method newborn week success![]() ![]() Mothers had to be primiparous, English-speaking, and ≥ 20 years of age. The eligibility criteria included singleton infants that were full-term (≥37 weeks gestation) and ≥ 2500 g at delivery. Enrollment occurred from January 2012 to March 2014. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania) shortly after giving birth. ![]() ![]() Mothers were recruited by research staff from the maternity ward of one hospital (Penn State Milton S. We hypothesized a greater use of food to soothe during the nighttime, when infants fussed less frequently, and for infants not predominantly breastfed. Last, we explored possible moderators on whether maternal use of food to soothe differed by time of day, the frequency of infant fussiness, and/or feeding mode. We hypothesized that control mothers would report using food to soothe more often than responsive parenting mothers. Next, we tested the effects of the responsive parenting intervention on maternal use of food to soothe during early infancy. Our first aim was to describe the frequency of different soothing strategies used. For the current analysis, we describe a subset of INSIGHT participants that participated in EMA to capture detailed patterns of soothing strategies mothers used when their infants were fussy. INSIGHT also improved infants’ dietary patterns and feeding practices. Previous reports from INSIGHT have shown that responsive parenting group infants had reduced rapid weight gain during infancy and a lower body mass index at age 1 and 3 years compared with controls. INSIGHT is based on a responsive parenting framework and emphasized behaviors to encourage responsive feeding, such as using alternatives to food to soothe as a first response to infant distress. The Intervention Nurses Start Infants Growing on Healthy Trajectories (INSIGHT) study is a randomized, clinical trial designed to prevent rapid infant weight gain and overweight during early childhood. Using EMA to measure food to soothe in settings where infants eat, sleep, and cry has advantages such as minimizing recall bias, maximizing ecological validity, and capturing dynamic behaviors as they unfold. Ecological momentary assessment (EMA) involves repeated sampling of behaviors in real time, in natural environments, and can characterize patterns of behavior change across time and specific context. sleep deprivation) that could exacerbate recall bias and contribute to greater inaccuracy. Further, new parents face unique challenges (e.g. Recall bias is one limitation of self-report measures that can compromise the accuracy of these data. The measurement of food to soothe has typically relied on retrospective reports of maternal use of food to soothe in different general contexts. Responding to non-hunger related fussiness by using these strategies, rather than food to soothe, may calm infants while preventing unnecessary feedings in the absence of hunger and thus overfeeding. When infants are fussy, but not showing signs of hunger, responsive parenting includes the use of alternative soothing strategies such as rocking, swaddling, and white noise, instead of feeding. ![]() This includes feeding when infants are showing signs of hunger and stopping feeding when infants are showing signs of fullness. Responsive feeding includes prompt, contingent, and developmentally appropriate responses to infant cues of hunger and fullness. In contrast, parental use of responsive feeding supports the development of infant appetite regulation. energy dense snack foods, less fruits and vegetable intake), and eating in the absence of hunger during later childhood . Using food to soothe has been associated with negative health outcomes such as rapid weight gain and greater weight status during infancy, as well as increased emotional eating, less healthy dietary patterns (e.g. Infants who are perceived as more fussy or negative may be exposed to greater use of food to soothe. The use of “food to soothe” to regulate emotions or calm includes feeding in response to infant distress or fussiness that is unrelated to hunger. This fussiness may be perceived as a cue that infants are hungry however, infants cry for many reasons other than hunger (e.g. During the first 3 months after birth, crying is an infant’s primary form of communication, reaching maximum intensity around age 8 weeks. During infancy, parental feeding practices shape infant eating behaviors by determining what, when, how, and how much infants are fed. ![]()
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